The Emergence of America as a Wor

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Have to give a presentation for APUSH tommorow, tell me how it looks.  Also please note it is formatted much better than this, but tabs apparently don't carry over onto the forum.

   The Emergence of America as a World Power
                    Topic 18

I.    American imperialism: political and economical expansion
    A.    Causes
        1.    Necessity to compete with European powers
        2.    Jingoism - Expand power to protect US interests
        3.    Manifest Destiny
        4.    Convert the world to Christianity
    B.    Results
        1.    Seward’s Folly (1867) - Sec. of State Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Czar Alexander II for $7,200,000 or about 1.9¢ per acre.  At the time, many Americans did not approve of the purchase of the seemingly worthless “icebox”, however as time has passed, it has been realized that the land is worth much more than what was paid for it.
        2.    Alfred T. Mahan (1890)- He wrote the Influence of Sea Power upon History.  Mahan stated that all powerful nations in history had a great navy, and listed things needing to be accomplished.  He said the United States needs more auxiliary bases across the world for refueling and restocking, a larger navy is needed, and the US needs to have access to a canal connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
        3.    Hawaii - Hawaii was originally used as a navy depot for fuel, provisions, and repairs (Pearl Harbor, 1887), however economic interests soon brought others to the island chain.  American planters gained profit from sugar and pineapple farms on Hawaii.  Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown and a provisional government established, then in 1897, President McKinley agreed to annex the Republic of Hawaii.
        4.    Spanish-American War (1898)- The USS Maine was destroyed off the coast of Cuba, the United States blames the Spanish.  The US utilized its naval superiority and guerillas to defeat the Spanish.
        5.    Philippines - The Spanish-American War caused the United States to become involved in the Philippines. Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish at Manila Bay.  In 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines, and less than a year later the Philippine-American War started, eventually resulting in Philippine independence in 1946.
        6.    Open Door Policy (1900) - China was partitioned by “Spheres of Influence”, threatening economic interests in China.  Sec. of State John Hay asked countries to not restrict free use of ports and trade within their sphere of influence.  This policy was not officially recognized, however Senator Hay declared that the nations had basically agreed to the policy.
        7.    Roosevelt Corollary (1904) - “Big Stick Diplomacy” An amendment to the Monroe Doctrine that allowed the United States to intervene and stabilize the economy of countries that do not have the capacity to repay international debt.  The Roosevelt Corollary was created in response to German aggression against Venezuela due to unpaid debts.  The corollary was also used to justify intervention in Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic, however it was reversed with the Clark Memorandum in 1928.
        8.    Panama Canal (1913) - Sixty-three years after talks began (Clayton-Bulwer Treaty), the Panama Canal was opened in 1913.  Secretary Hay was the major negotiator to allow this to happen. Columbia was paid $25 million in reparations for encouraging a Panamanian revolt.
II.    War in Europe and American Neutrality
    A.    War in Europe - WWI was being waged in Europe.
    B.    American Neutrality - The United States remained neutral for the majority of World War One. It was understood that warring powers had the right to blockade enemy ports, and have the right to search and seize contraband found on any ship entering or exiting the port.  Americans felt neutral powers should have the right to safely trade with any power, and American citizens should be able to safely travel on any ship.  These rights were not necessarily protected however, for example, the British Navy stopped American trade with all nations surrounding Germany.
III.    The First World War at Home and Abroad
    A.    Causes of WWI
        1.    Militarism and Nationalism - Citizens of nations had overwhelming patriotism and desired to expand the power of their military forces.  Expanded power often resulted in Imperialism.
        2.    Alliances - The alliance system caused what should have been a small war to spiral out of control.  Great Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente.  Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance.
        3.    Assassination - Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a member of the Black Hand, causing Austria-Hungary to invade Serbia.  This caused all of the countries in the alliances to declare war on those in the other alliance, and soon most of Europe was at war.
    B.    United States Trade - The United States was forced to limit its trade.  A minor depression occurred in the US between 1913 and 1914 due to the start of the war.  American companies, at first, were allowed to trade with both sides of the war, however eventually companies who traded with the central powers would not be allowed to trade with Britain in France.  From 1914 to 1916, US trade with Britain increased over 400%, however in 1916 US trade with Germany was just 8% of what it was in 1914. 
    C.    House-Grey Memorandum (1916) - Colonel House was sent to Britain to meet with British Foreign Secretary Grey.  They invited Germany to a US mediated peace conference in an attempt to negotiate a treaty.  Germany’s failure to attend would ultimately lead to the United States joining the war.
    D.    American Opposition to involvement - Many groups at home apposed United States involvement in WWI.  These included feminists (Women’s Peace Party), pacifists (Henry Ford and William Jennings Bryan), socialists, and progressives (George Norris).
IV.    Treaty of Versailles
    A.    Goals
        1.    France - Prime Minister Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations for damages to the French, to have control of most of Germany’s factories as well as have Germany’s military permanently weakened.
        2.    Britain - Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted Germany to pay reparations, however not as heavy as then French wanted.
        3.    United States - President Wilson desired to prevent all future wars and create a league of nations.
    B.    Paris Peace Conference - The United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan met at the Palace of Versailles to discuss the treaty.  Italy and Japan left the negotiations before they were finished.  German Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau arrived in Versailles to look over the treaty after its completion, but rejected it.  The German government to the treaty under the new leadership of Chancellor Gustav Bauer.
    C.    Terms of the Treaty:
        1.    Submarines, tanks, poison gas, military aircraft, manufacture of weapons, and import and export of weapons prohibited in Germany
        2.    German military can be no larger than 100,000 men
        3.    German Navy limited to 15,000 men, 12 destroyers, 6 battleships, and 6 cruisers
        4.    Germany must pay £6.6 billion in war reparations
        5.    Germany forfeits control of all overseas colonies
        6.    Annexation of certain areas prohibited
V.    Society and Economy in the Postwar Years
    A.    Economy
        1.    Recession - The US faced an economic recession post World War One due to overproduction during the war.
        2.    Roaring ‘20s - During the 1920s, America experienced great economic expansion.  The economy recovered from the postwar recession. A greater number of houses had electricity, allowing for appliances to be more widely used.  Sixty percent of American families owned a car, changing the everyday habits of Americans.  During the ‘20s, America also saw an expansion in the film industry and music industry with Jazz. Prohibition became a major issue, and along with Nativism caused many inner city problems.
        3.    Consolidation of Big Business - Old industries were not prospering greatly, and were consolidated. Industries strived to improve efficiency of production and distribution.
    B.    Society
        1.    The Automobile - Henry Ford’s introduction of the moving assembly line allowed cars to be produced at very fast rates, causing them to be much cheaper than every before.  Three out of five families owned a car.  The ease of transportation with an automobile allowed families to live further away from the city, thus causing mass urbanization.
        2.    Third Industrial Revolution - During the 1920's, Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living than ever before.  The shift from coal to electricity paved the way for many new innovations to come forth.  Homes were rapidly becoming powered with electricity, allowing families to use appliances, further easing their everyday tasks.

Edited by WGP guy2 - 24 April 2007 at 6:14pm